Artificial “Spirit” Intelligence In The Virtual Reality Church
An Ecclesial Communion Pneumatology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46567/ijt.v14i1.651Keywords:
virtual church, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, communion pneumatology, digital spirituality, virtual sacrament, spirit discretionAbstract
This article proposes an ecclesial communion pneumatology as a theological framework for a virtual church that operates through artificial intelligence (AI) and virtual reality (VR). Specifically, it answers the ontological and theological questions pertaining to whether the Holy Spirit is present and works in digital liturgy mediated by technologies, as well as how AI might be an instrument for genuine personal connectedness. This research employs a transdisciplinary descriptive qualitative method drawing from John Zizioulas’s ecclesial communion, Amos Yong’s theology of participation, and discourses on vanity and theopoetics, articles on AI and VR, church documents, and metaverse studies. The author’s reflection oscillates among the aesthetics of digital sacred space, contemporary spirituality, and cultural critiques. The result is an understanding of the Holy Spirit that constitutes the church in her relational and ecstatic “mode of being,” therefore provoking an idea of the digital medium (AI/VR) as a space where the Spirit establishes ecclesial hypostasis—the church’s identity no longer identified by spatial and physical limits—insofar as such a medium facilitates, not substitutes for, personalized love relations. The virtual church, as this article concludes, must be perceived in terms of a new expression of the communion reality that is already present in the God of the Trinity
Downloads
References
Anabella, Shyanee, dan Hansel Augustan. “Allah dalam Jaringan: Menghayati Ibadah di Ruang Siber.” Dalam Liturgi di Ruang Publik: Sakralitas, Ritual, dan Transformasi, edited by Hans Harmakaputra, Abel K. Aruan, Kartika Diredja, dan Agustina Samosir. BPK Gunung Mulia, 2024.
Banawiratma, J. B. Spiritualitas Trinitaris Kosmis: Bahasa Pra-dogma dan Kontekstual. Kanisius, 2025.
Black, Jonathan. The Theosis of the Body of Christ: From the Early British Apostolics to a Pentecostal Trinitarian Ecclesiology. Brill, 2020.
Butarbutar, Josua Estomihi. “The Marginalised God: Teopoetika, Jalan Mistik, dan Seksualitas Pasca Tuhan.” Aradha: Journal of Divinity, Peace and Conflict Studies 5, no. 2 (2025): 155–77. https://doi.org/10.21460/aradha.2025.52.1517.
Butarbutar, Josua Estomihi, dan August Corneles Tamawiwy. “Letting Go To Become Whole, Celebrating The Love-Sorrow Theopoetics Through the Mystical Path of Meister Eckhart in the Song ‘I Love You But I’m Letting Go’ by Pamungkas.” Studia Philosophica et Theologica 26, no. 1 (2026): 68–84. https://doi.org/10.35312/studia.v26i1.844.
Caputo, John D. The Insistence of God: A Theology of Perhaps. Indiana University Press, 2013.
Cartledge, Mark J. “Virtual Mediation of the Holy Spirit: Prospects for Digital Pentecostalism.” PentecoStudies 21, no. 1 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1558/pent.19914.
Chandra, Elita Jessamine. “Ketika Sang Ciptaan Berusaha Mencipta Semesta Baru: Mengenal Dampak Metaverse.” Dalam Nasib Agama, Pendidikan, dan Hubungan Sosial dalam Metaverse. Kompas Gramedia, 2023.
Cross, Terry L., “Let the Church Be the Church: Barth and Pentecostal Ecclesiology.” Dalam Karl Barth and Pentecostal Theology: A Convergence of the Word and the Spirit, edited by Terry L. Cross, Andrew K. Gabriel and Frank D. Macchia. Bloomsbury, 2024.
Dw.Com. “Switzerland’s AI Jesus Answers Questions of Faith – DW,” 18 November 2024. https://www.dw.com/en/switzerlands-ai-jesus-answers-questions-of-faith/video-70737962.
Fox, Matthew. A Way to God: Thomas Merton’s Creation Spirituality Journey. New World Library, 2016.
Gabriel, Andrew K. Simply Spirit-filled: Experiencing God in the Presence and Power of the Holy Spirit. Epub edition. Emanate Books, 2018.
Green, Chris E. W. “You Wonder Where the Real Presence Went: the Sacraments and the Pentecostal Experience of God.” Dalam Karl Barth and Pentecostal Theology: A Convergence of the Word and the Spirit. Bloomsbury, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5040/9780567686039.
Hardiman, F. Budi. Tubuh Yang Mengetahui: Belajar dari Fenomenologi di Era Mesin Meniru Segalanya. Kanisius, 2026.
Haryono, Stefanus Christian. “Kehampaan (Nothingness): Sebuah Jalan Interspiritualitas.” GEMA TEOLOGIKA: Jurnal Teologi Kontekstual dan Filsafat Keilahian 6, no. 1 (2021): 1. https://doi.org/10.21460/gema.2021.61.636.
Herzfeld, Noreen L. The Artifice of Intelligence: Divine and Human Relationship in a Robotic Age. With Ted Peters. Augsburg Fortress Publishers, 2023.
James, Thomas A. “Mystery, Reality, and the Virtual: The Problem of Reference in Gordon Kaufman’s Theology.” American Journal of Theology & Philosophy 33, no. 3 (2012): 258–75. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjtheophil.33.3.0258.
Jun, Guichun. “Virtual Reality Church as a New Mission Frontier in the Metaverse: Exploring Theological Controversies and Missional Potential of Virtual Reality Church.” Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies 37, no. 4 (2020): 297–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265378820963155.
Karatzas, Andreas. “The Church and Virtual Reality: Body, Community, and Worship in the Digital Age.” IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 30, no. 6 (2025): 01–08. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-3006070108.
Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti. Pneumatology: The Holy Spirit in Ecumenical, International, and Contextual Perspective. 2nd ed. Epub edition. Baker Academic, 2018.
Keener, Craig S. Gift and Giver: The Holy Spirit for Today. Repackaged edition. Baker Academic, 2020.
Kim, Jonghyun. “Virtual Worship Service and Physical Worship Service on Spiritual Formation.” Australian Journal of Liturgy 2, vol. 16 (2018).
Kohler, Kristian C. “Virtual Communion: Assembly, Digital Space, and Eucharistic Celebration.” Currents in Theology and Mission 1, vol. 50 (December 2022).
Mansini, Guy. Ecclesiology. Sacra Doctrina Series. Epub edition. The Catholic University of America Press, 2021.
Min, Anselm Kyongsuk. “Solidarity of Others in the Power of the Holy Spirit: Pneumatology in a Divided World.” Dalam Advents of the Spirit: An Introduction to the Current Study of Pneumatology, Repr. with correction, 3rd print. Marquette University Press, 2010.
Ocampo, Leo-Martin Angelo R. “Cybergrace in Cyberspace?: An Argument for Online Liturgies in Light of COVID-19.” Landas: Journal of Loyola School of Theology, 2, vol. 39 (2019).
Parker, Stephen. “Psychological Formation: A Pentecostal Pneumatology and Implications for Therapy.” Dalam The Holy Spirit and Christian Formation: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Pinnock, Clark H. Flame of Love: A Theology of the Holy Spirit. Reprinted Edition. Epub edition. InterVarsity, 2004.
Seppälä, Serafim. “A Sacred Cyberspace? Towards the Ontology of Virtual Worship.” Review of Ecumenical Studies Sibiu 15, no. 1 (2023): 105–22. https://doi.org/10.2478/ress-2023-0106.
Sopacoly, Mick Mordekhai, dan Izak Y. M. Lattu. “Kekristenan dan Spiritualitas Online: Cybertheology sebagai Sumbangsih Berteologi di Indonesia.” GEMA TEOLOGIKA: Jurnal Teologi Kontekstual dan Filsafat Keilahian 5, no. 2 (2020): 137-54. https://doi.org/10.21460/gema.2020.52.604.
Taylor, Derek W. “Theological Formation: Dialogical Interplay Between Barth, Hauerwas, and Bonhoeffer.” In The Holy Spirit and Christian Formation: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, edited by Diane J. Chandler. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Thomas, Justin, Mohammad Amin Kuhail, dan Fahad AlBeyahi. “The Metaverse, Religious Practice and Wellbeing: A Narrative Review.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 27, no. 1 (2024): 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2023.0003.
Tirtanadi, Rendy, dan Frans Silalahi. “Gereja Virtual dan Tantangan Pascamodernisme: Suatu Analisis Eklesiologis dari Perspektif Reformasi.” Verbum Christi: Jurnal Teologi Reformed Injili 12, no. 2 (2026): 165–87. https://doi.org/10.51688/VC12.2.2025.art5.
Varkey, Wilson. Role of the Holy Spirit in Protestant Systematic Theology: A Comparative Study between Karl Barth, Jürgen Moltmann, and Wolfhart Pannenberg. Langham, 2011.
Ward, Pete. Liquid Ecclesiology: The Gospel and the Church. Brill, 2017.
Wattimena, Reza A. A. Memaknai Digitalitas: Sebuah Filsafat Dunia Digital. Kanisius, 2023.
_______. Untuk Semua yang Beragama: Agama dalam Pelukan Filsafat, Politik, dan Spiritualitas. Kanisius, 2020.
Yong, Amos. An Amos Yong Reader: The Pentecostal Spirit, edited by Christopher A. Stephenson. Wipf and Stock, 2020.
_______. Beyond the Impasse: Toward a Pneumatological Theology of Religions. Baker Academic, 2003.
_______. Discerning the Spirit(s): A Pentecostal-Charismatic Contribution of Christian Theology of Religions. Wipf & Stock, 2018.
_______. “On Binding, and Loosing, the Spirits: Navigating and Engaging a Spirit-Filled World.” In Interdisciplinary and Religio-Cultural Discourses on a Spirit-Filled World: Loosing the Spirits, edited by Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Kirsteen Kim, and Amos Yong. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
_______. The Dialogical Spirit: Christian Reason and Theological Method in the Third Millennium. Cascade Books, 2014.
_______. The Spirit Poured Out on All Flesh: Pentecostalism and the Possibility of Global Theology. Epub edition. Baker Academic, 2005.
Yong, Amos, and Jonathan A. Anderson. Renewing Christian Theology: Systematics for a Global Christianity. Epub edition. Baylor University Press, 2014.
Zizioulas, John D. Being As Communion: Studies in Personhood and the Church. Darton, Longman and Todd, 2000.
_______. The One and the Many: Studies on God, Man, the Church, and the World Today, edited by Gregory Edwards. Sebastian, 2010.
Zizioulas, John D., and Paul McPartlan. Communion and Otherness: Further Studies in Personhood and the Church. T&T Clark, 2006.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2026 Josua Estomihi Butarbutar

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.











